Useful Constants

• speed of light (c) = 2.997 x 10⁸ m/s

• Planck's Constant (h) = 6.626 x 10^-34 Joules second

• Charge of an electron (q) = 1.602 x 10^-19 coulombs

Useful Units

• frequency = cycles/second (Hz)

• wavelength = length (m)

• volt = a unit of potential of electric field, such that that it takes 1 Joule to push a charge of 1 Coulomb across 1 volt

Conversion Factors

• 1 Angstrom (A) = 1 x 10^-10 meters

• 1 KeV = 1,000 eV